Cultural Considerations Essay

This write up forget examine and assesses the cultural concerns and influences of todays societies with mixed cultures and the effect on the criminal rightnesss trunk. The paper will address how the cultural concerns and influences affect umpire and security administ balancen and practice. The paper will show some coetaneous methods by the jurisprudence and security employ in societies of mixed cultures. The paper will address how these influences and considerations relate to and affect nondiscrimination practices within the criminal justice system.Finally, the paper will address Sir Robert Peels nine principles and how they exit into todays legal philosophy departments. The military occupation of numerous countries in the Middle East and Europe has brought law of nature power practices into question. The local practice of law world powers remove been trained by the military in which the rules ar different. The free community ar suffering abuse at the hands of th e police in those countries. In those cases where militant law is present and security is more prevalent, the police appear to extend more for the current occupying military than for that countrys government or the plurality.More than 200 cases of torture have any been investigated or court marshaled by the unite States in violation of the join Nations anti-torture body in 2006. This increase in torture whitethorn be caused by racial, ethnic, and religious differences in the contemporary War on terrorist act (French &Wailes, 2008). The abuse on that scale does non occur within the join States however, a problem still exists with the assessment of police and security personnel. These practices are scrutinized by the military, governments, security agencies, and local and foreign police.Of course, these practices question discrimination and profiling. write is one of the major concerns here in the United States. Some admiration exits between profiling and racial profiling. A person cannot be profiled by a police ships officer ground on color, sex, religion, or culture. However, a person can be profiled if he or she matches the description of a suspect. The measures currently used to assess officers are objective and may notice intimate aspects of the person tested.The standard for recognition in the United States is the management on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA) that was established in 1979. Psychological testing is in place, however standards are not set by CALEA, and each force look ats their own testing (French & Wailes, 2008). In 1973, the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals recommended that every police agency follow a formal selection process that includes a written test of noetic ability or aptitude, an oral interview, a mental examination, and a scope investigation.It was believed that introducing greater screening and standardization to the selection process would result in a more suffice police force. International Association of Chiefs of guard (IACP) developed several guidelines for pre-employment psychological evaluations. These recommendations address much(prenominal) issues as test copy of testing instruments, compliance with legislation, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), using qualified psychologists familiar with the relevant research, and content of the written reports (Cochrane, Tett & Vandercreek, 2008).Compliance with such acts as the ADA indicates the implementation of diversity in the testing process. A hardly a(prenominal) of the nearly common comprehensive personality tests given to police officers during their psychological testing include the following Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness (NEO) character Inventory, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory2(MMPI-2), and Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI). Traits from the NEO Personality InventoryRevised, which was based on the five-factor model of personality, ha ve withal shown to be predictive of police performance.The MMPI-2 and the IPI have been shown to be effective in predicting several job criteria for police officers as hale (Cochrane, Tett & Vandercreek, 2008). Todays American policing and justice system is based on English principles and English common law. One such custom was limited police authority. This gives way to liberties and freedoms and limits governmental authority. An early(a)wise tradition was the localized police control as opposed to a national, modify police force as experienced in many other countries. This turned out to be both an advantage and a detriment.The muddle resulted in fragmentation and decentralization of law enforcement. The advantage was acquiring lowly national control (Walker & Katz, 2011, p. 24). Peel believed that saloon of crime could be established without intruding into the lives of citizens so he developed the nine principles of community policing. His source innovation was the basic mission of police was to prevent crime and disorder. The prevention of crime makes the job easier of the police. Police presence is deterrence, therefore prevents crime from occurring.This is the nates for todays community policing concept. The unrestricted moldiness also admire of the actions of the police in the performance of their duties. The people must work voluntarily with the police in observance of the laws to maintain public order (History, 2002). The public must comply voluntarily with the laws and work with the police. Most people do what is morally correct in turn the police also must do what is lawfully correct. The police are directed by the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights to safeguard every citizens right from term of enlistment from government.These philosophies are still ob arranged today. If a citizen does not approve of the conduct of the police, a complaint is filed. If the public does not agree with a law, they work to make changes. If t he public fails to ob facilitate the law, there are consequences, such an scram or a fine. Another concept concerns the use of physical force to gain compliance. The public is cooperative with the police whereas physical force not need be employed. If compliance is not gained and physical force is required, the force will not be so great as to be considered excessive (History, 2002).The Constitution provides rights to the people and protects them from the police in this area. Laws in most states specifically write out what is considered force, when and how it can be used. Last, the police are specifically trained in the application of force through instrument of various weapons and hand to hand combat. This force is not to be excessive, not to be used as punishment, or in a penal manner. The force used is that reasonable force to effect and arrest, to protect oneself or another from death or great bodily harm.The police serve both the public and the law, they shall not show impar tiality, but to the law. The officers are also members of the public. Any interest the public has would also be interest to the police (History, 2002). In this case, the officer may come from any background may be either sex or any race. The officer must show fairness to members of other groups and not discriminate against those members or members of his or her own group. The officer shall treat everyone as equally as possible. The police are hired to uphold the law, at the same time serve the public.Peels theory indicates, when a conflict arises, the service to the law should outweigh the public service. This concept is contradictory to todays practices. Policing has obtain customer service-oriented, where the customer is always right. The officers are members of the public, when they are in an off duty capacity, they are afforded the same rights as any other citizen. However, they should govern themselves as an upstanding citizen because they do represent the law. The final conc ept indicates the effectiveness of policing is the miss of crime and disorder.This concept is known as noise policing. In todays society, the crimes are not occurring where there is a high police presence. So, Peels principles are still used to some extent. The demographics have changed since his time. People and crimes have evolved. Peoples determine have changed, whereas they are tolerant of certain crimes. The attitudes toward police have changed. In a location where there is a strong police presence, few crimes occur. This is consistent with Peels concept.However, if the demographics of the neighborhood are little desirable, the people of the neighborhood indicate the police are prejudiced and do not want the police in the neighborhood. Thus, more crimes occur in this less protected neighborhood. If fewer police are present, the response time for an officer to an incident is longer because there are fewer officers and more calls. The ratio of officers to calls is higher. In these cases discrimination is commitd for the increased of police presence and the lack of it as well. The affected parties assume they are discriminated against because more police are in their areas, where more crime occurs.However, when the police are not present, they blame the police for the increase in crime because the police are not present. In conclusion, most of Sir Robert Peels principles can be utilise to the organization of a police department today. In fact, many departments in England still work by his principles. Some need to be change to accommodate todays society to be more customer friendly. The United States Constitution and Bill of Rights need to be recognized, as well such as the Due Process Clauses to both the Fifth and 14th Amendments if his principles are applied.