Post Traumatic Stress Disorder :: Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD

Introduction at that place has been a proliferation of interest in the development and nature of individuals sentiment patterns and processes following traumatic psychological ikon (Ehlers, Mayou, & Bryant, 1998). In particular, forward research has suggested that specific thinking styles and patterns preceding trauma predict a greater vulnerability and a poorer long-term prognosis of posttraumatic stress sickness (PTSD) (Dalgleish, 2004). muchover, the literature has illustrated that adolescents can be predisposed to developing PTSD which develops as a result of either direct or indirect icon to a trauma. For example, witnessing a trauma directly or learning well-nigh a specific traumatic event experienced by others (Finkelhor & Dziuba-Leatherman, 1994). introductory research has highlighted that adolescents that have been exposed to a trauma and PTSD whitethorn also be more vulnerable to developing aggressive and unsociable conducts (Falshaw, Browne & Hollin, 1996), al cohol and drug dependence, hypervigilance and impulsive misconduct (Lynam, Caspi, Moffitt, Wikstrm, Loeber & Novak, 2000). Erwin, Newman, McMackin, Morrissey and Kaloupek (2000) suggest that a reason for this is that early exposure to trauma can have good impact on adolescents functioning in call of their emotions, cognition and behaviour, poor self-regulation and information-processing. Adding to this, Tyson & Goodman, (1996) suggest that it is these deficits in functioning coupled with the individuals inability to regulate emotions that predispose them to engaging in evasive aggression and dangerous re-enactment behaviours as a way of dealing with their exposure to trauma.The link between dysfunctional cognitions and PTSD has been widely explored by several(a) researchers, and it has been suggested that a tight relationship exists between PTSD and antisocial behaviour in youths (Danckwerts & Leathem, 2003). However, little is yet known about the psychological mechanisms which be the relationship. This literature review will explore the underlying mechanisms which predict a greater vulnerability to the onset, development and maintenance of PTSD associated with young offenders. More specifically, depressive cognitions such as rumination and counterfactual thinking will be explored with reference to their link with PTSD. Defining Rumination and Counterfactual ThinkingIndividuals bear on by PTSD often report symptoms of incessant ruminative thinking associated with a traumatic experience. The DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) does not however distinguish intrusive rumination and intrusive memories associated with the trauma in the development of PTSD. However, more deep various theoretical perspectives propose that the two are functionally decided and should be regarded as separate entities (Ehlers & Clark, 2000 Joseph, Williams & Yule, 1997 Ehlers & Steil, 1997).