Internet technology boost china in next 10 years :: essays research papers

INTERNET TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT BOOST CHINA FURTHERA perspective look at the countrys transition in next decade relative to internet technologyBo Li, School of Technology & ManagementSubmit to Mr. Paul Reynolds ingressSince 1980 chinas economy has grown by more than 9 percent a year. The country at present manufactures 75 percent of the worlds toys, 58 percent of the cloths, and 29 percent of the mobile phones. More than $1 billion in foreign direct investment arrives each week. By 2008 china entrust be the worlds third largest exporter, and by the decades end its economy will be larger than that of either France or United Kingdom (Emmanuel, et al., 2004). Chinas GDP in 2004 growth by 9.5 percent to G851,072 million and IT(information technology)s contributions account for 25 percent. It is predicted that the IT market will growth by 15.8 percent every year to 2009.Economists are curious to know how long will Chinas strong economy be. When the gain of low labor costs in China w ill subside in the future, what will support its fast growing economy? According to China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC)s 2005 report, 94 million internet user and half of them are using broadband connection. China now has 4 internet-based companies listed in NASDAQ. As they reported profit since the SMS business introduced in 2002, many economists think there will be an internet technology boom out in China again. IT industries in developed countries now are facing both challenge and opportunity since many mergers and acquisition happened in west countries from Chinese maker. That what will happen in China on internet technology in the next 10 years will affect every world(prenominal) business around the world.This study begins with the analysis of upcoming internet technologyXexamining the effect of future internet technology and Chinas policy Xand because move on the analysis of the impact of internet technology on Chinas industries in next decade as well as its f uture contribution to the countrys stellar growth.Internet Era Just BeginInternet will change more dramatically in the next decade than it has during its entire history. We have just seen the beginning of what the Internet can do for use as a revolution in communications and the way business is done (Gates, 2000). Internet application had moved from transaction phase to platform phase at the beginning of this decade. There are nearly trends will be prevailed. Wireless connection on multi-deviceWireless connection between different devices at high speed is probably the key section that is really going to take the scenarios of empowerment that we have always believed in and make them a reality.

Architecture: Hancock Tower vs Prudential Center Essay -- Urban Landsc

In the capital of financial services, two insurance buildings dominate capital of Massachusettss skyline. The Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center are structures that display the uneven change and the urban development that has occurred in this city over the contrast 19th century. Located in back bay these edifices work with the directionalities of their adjacent streets and the cultural history of the structures that surround them. capital of Massachusettss foundation was composed in a manner that designated and organized space. This creates the tension and contrast present in that between the two structures. The iconography that these structures have over the city is important. It represents a sense of the erstwhile(prenominal) as well as the purpose that the built environment has with a changing society. Even though these structures dominate so much of the skyline, they interact other than with the public. There is a physical boundary that separates the functionalities and in teraction in which society can actively have with them. This essay will focus on the morphological purpose in regard to the form following function of these skyscrapers and how they each demonstrate a design aspect that characterizes Boston through a visual perspective.The Prudential center is the second t wholeest structure present in Boston. Located in back bay and easy to access through public transit, the heterogeneous serves as a market for hundreds of shops and stores. This structure is a network of buildings and indoor walk ways that work as a unit to provide a very interactive system of circulation. This center directly focuses on the public, to the extent that it directs them through out a majority of the connected structures. Individuals are allowed to travel all the way through the center and up to t... ...in its vast entirety fit for a shopping or community center. But until then it will moreover rule the skyline as a commercial and private corporation. Works CitedR ubin, Elihu. Insuring the City The Prudential Center and the Postwar Urban Landscape. New Haven Yale UP, 2012. Print.Beagle, Jonathan. Boston A Visual History. Watertown, MA Charlesbridge, 2013. Print.Famous properties Bostons signature skyscraper. Journal of Property Management July-Aug. 2004 8. pedantic OneFile. Web. 29 Apr. 2014.OConnor, Mickey. Tempest in A Beanpot. Architecture Mar. 2001 126. Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Apr. 2014.Pei, I. M. (1917-). Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit Gale, 1998. Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Apr. 2014.Luberoff, David. A better public square. Technology Review May-June 1984 80+. Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Apr. 2014.

Divine Providence and Destiny in Homers Iliad :: Iliad essays

Divine Providence and Destiny in Homers The IliadDestiny is defined as fate. One cannot escape destiny. Divine intervention on the other get through is much different. One can at least beg for mercy or help. Both destiny and divine intervention are intertwined in Homers The Iliad. In book I Thetis asks a favor of genus Zeus in order to make her son look good. Zeus decides to help Achilles against the wishes of Hera. In Book II there are two gods trying to accomplish different tasks. In order to make Achilles look good, Zeus must relieve oneself glory to the Achaeans. Hera on the other hand tries to help the Greeks. The gods try to assert their divine authority, but without the hu military homophiles realizing they are being played like puppets. Throughout The Iliad we prove both divine providence and the luck of humanity playing a part in the lives of Hector and Achilles.In Book I Achilles looks for a holy man to find out why the gods are against the Achaeans. Achilles knows that in order to win the war, the Trojan army must find favor with the gods. The chosen holy man was Thestor. It was said that the god Apollo had given Thestor power to see into the world of the supernatural. Before Thestor would even say anything, he required assurance that he would not be harmed for what he had to say. Thestor blames the plague of problems on Agamemnon. Because Agamemnon will not return Chryseis, the Achaean army has fallen out of favor of the gods. In order to return to the antifertility umbrella of the gods, restitution must be given. Chryseis must be returned. In this instance, the humans wanted favor from the gods. In order to get it, they had to comply to what the gods wanted, which was give back Chryseis. In Book II Zeus uses a dream to change the lot of Achilles. Agamemnon has a dream indicating that the Achaeans should give up. Nestor also agrees later on hearing the dream. Agamemnon and the chiefs make a decision about the war and the destiny of the Achaean fighters based on a dream sent by Zeus whose purpose is to make Achilles look good. Here again, the gods are the puppeteers and the humans are not really in control of their destiny. In Book VI we see the belief in fate becoming more evident.

The Potential of the Raëlian Movement through Humanism Essay -- Religi

The Potential of the Ralian Movement through Humanism The Ralian Movement, which began in late 1973, is a relative newcomer to the scene of earth religions. While its late arrival has presented some difficulty in drawing followers, the movement has significant promise. The Ralian Movement is overtly optimistic in its tone of the innate ability of humans to live prosperous lives. The Ralian Movement combines principles of secular humanism effectively with scientific accounts of religious events to create a school of thought that has significant potential. On December 13, 1973, a French man named Claude Vorilhon claimed that he encountered an extraterrestrial being. The alien, called Yahweh, explained that he was a representative of an advanced race of beings, the Elohim, who created humankind is their get wind via cloning techniques. As an experiment, humanity failed to achieve equilibrium within itself and the world it lived in. Throughout history, th e Elohim sent prophets to Earth to guide peoples way of bearing based on that of the superior race. A primary reason that people failed to achieve that peace is that the prophets, whose teachings, actually scientific and not religiously oriented, had been misunderstood. (Laderman 248) Religions thus misinterpreted the Elohims teachings, and their different understandings of them separated humanity. Shortly following his encounter with Yahweh, Vorilhon changed his name to Ral, The Messenger. The Elohim told him that he is the 40th and final prophet. On August 6, 1945, America dropped an atomic give way on Hiroshima, Japan, representing the apocalypse. In this sense, apocalypse refers to humanitys revelation that, in the age of... ...d. James R. Lewis. Albany, NY State University of New York Press, 1995. 105-135.Shuck, Glenn W. Ralian Movement. Religion and American Cultures An encyclopaedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressi ons. Ed. Gary Laderman and Luis Len. 3 vols. Santa Barbara, CA ABC-Clio, 2003.The Ralian Revolution. International Ralian Movement. 11 April 2004. 1The Affirmations of Humanism A Statement of Principles. 4 December 2003. Council for layman Humanism. 19 April 2004. A Secular Humanist Declaration. 4 December 2003. Council for Secular Humanism. 19 April 2004.

Reaching My Students Through Real World Experiences Essay -- Education

Reaching My Students Through Real World ExperiencesHigh school teachers face the challenge of preparing their students for the real serviceman. Students read real solid ground preparation, not just acumen. Reaching my students involves building encouraging relationships and a sense of security within the classroom. Sharing my personal experiences, as well as the testimonies of others, gage be an effective motivational tool for preparing college-bound students for the real world. My role as a teacher involves communicating the many obstacles college students face. Providing students the psychological preparation they need exit alleviate fears and frustrations high school seniors often face while anxiously anticipating the vast college experience. Jeffery Harts article, How to Get a College Education, discusses the uncertainty college Freshmen face. These new students need the assurance that changing majors is O.K. and most likely will happen. Reducing the psychological stressors, such as intimidation and peer pressure, helps to maintain a undertake learning environment. Students entering college are often overwhelmed and muddled by so many choices. High school teachers must prepare their students for the disaster that not having a major in mind is completely normal for most college Freshman. Hart suggests focusing on your specialization, by your gifts, attributes, and strengths (128). Questions he raises include What airfield of education are you seeking and what are your expectations?What are your course selections?Hart is against the Studies courses that enrich ones societal understanding and place in this world (128). Personally, these courses provided me the capability to see how other fellow students and their cultures view... ...e discusses the importance of creating a welcoming environment for students one that provides them with a non threatening environment. He admits, a failed education is social more than intellectual in origin (107). Theref ore, breaking this social tension rear enable our culturally diverse students to shine to their ability level. We can come across this by getting to know our students regardless of the time and effort that it takes. As Rose states, we need to invite students across the boundaries of the often threatening classroom (116). These boundaries can be broken when teachers utilize the resources from their past experiences. Bring nature into the classroom and then bring the classroom to nature. This alleviates the tensions experienced during the transitional period when students venture out(a) into the real world. The real world now becomes familiar ground.

Reaching My Students Through Real World Experiences Essay -- Education

Reaching My Students Through Real World ExperiencesHigh give lessons teachers daring the challenge of preparing their students for the real world. Students need real world preparation, not just acumen. Reaching my students involves building encouraging relationships and a sense of security within the classroom. overlap my personal experiences, as well as the testimonies of others, can be an effective motivational tool for preparing college-bound students for the real world. My role as a teacher involves communicating the many obstacles college students face. Providing students the psychological preparation they need will alleviate fears and frustrations high school seniors often face while anxiously anticipating the vast college experience. Jeffery Harts article, How to Get a College Education, discusses the uncertainty college Freshmen face. These new students need the assurance that changing majors is O.K. and most likely will happen. Reducing the psychological stressors, such a s intimidation and peer pressure, helps to maintain a secure learning environment. Students entering college are often overwhelmed and muddled by so many choices. High school teachers must prepare their students for the possibility that not having a major in mind is completely normal for most college Freshman. Hart suggests cerebrate on your specialization, by your gifts, attributes, and strengths (128). Questions he raises include What area of education are you seeking and what are your expectations?What are your course selections?Hart is against the Studies courses that enrich ones social understanding and place in this world (128). Personally, these courses provided me the capability to see how other fellow students and their cultures view... ...e discusses the importance of creating a welcoming environment for students one that provides them with a non threatening environment. He admits, a failed education is social more than intellectual in origin (107). Therefore, breaking t his social tension can enable our culturally diverse students to shine to their ability level. We can accomplish this by getting to know our students regardless of the time and effort that it takes. As Rose states, we need to gull students across the boundaries of the often threatening classroom (116). These boundaries can be broken when teachers utilize the resources from their past experiences. Bring nature into the classroom and then bring the classroom to nature. This alleviates the tensions experienced during the transitional period when students venture out into the real world. The real world now becomes familiar ground.

The Responsibilities of a Business Leaders

In the last(prenominal), battalion that were above average in iodin area of leadership skills could survive as a leader. Technology has forced an adaptation in practically all aspects of the business environment over the past decade. The level of skills for leaders in the 21st century will need to adapt as well. Tomorrows business leaders will need to possess a much broader surf and higher level of leadership skills. First of all, good human relations skills may be the baseline characteristic of tomorrows leaders.If an individual does not have good human relations skills or just does not get along with opposite people, then they will probably be blessed as a leader from the beginning. It is hard for an individual that does not get along with others to motivate eitherbody to do anything. Therefore, a good idea may be dismissed, if one is unable to generate some excitement or motivate others to jump on board. This is why being able to motivating people is such(prenominal) an imp ortant aspect of being a leader. Tomorrows leaders will also transition more power from themselves to the people.Leaders will need to recognize and apply through empowerment their most talented people. Acting as a role model will help demonstrate leadership styles and be the sheath for other people to emulate. Secondly, better time watchfulness skills are another characteristic that will be required of the future leaders. Managing and using hours efficiently on the telephone, doing paperwork, at disco biscuitding meetings and working on the computer is critical. Leaders waste time everyday by attending non-productive meetings, working on non-value added paperwork and even little things wish using email inefficiently.This time adds up quickly and the make ups associated are significant, since most leaders earn relatively large salaries. For instance, look at any CEO of a large corporation that probably earns at least $2,000,000 per year. This calculates to about $16 a minute. If the CEO wastes just 15 minutes per day, it cost the company and shareholders more than $60,000 per year. The same holds true for all employees, but the dollars wasted are much more significant with the middle managers and up. Next, the leadership characteristic that has been changing the most rapidly over the past decade is technical skills.Technology, and more precisely the use of computers, has increased dramatically over the last five to ten years. Much more information on a wide variety of subjects is at everyones fingertips. Leaders that know how to access and use this information will be ahead of the rest when it comes to possessing critical knowledge. This will also make it easier for tomorrows leaders to be thinkers and doers rather than just thinkers. In the past, leaders would just command people there was not a great need for the leaders to be doers.But, by being a doer, tomorrows leaders will set an example for other people or doers to follow, rather than just barking out commands. Finally, having good problem solving and decision-making skills are two more key characteristics for tomorrows leaders. As people, technical, time management and any other types of issues arise, one must be able to evaluate a problem, then develop and implement a solution. By possessing a broader range and higher level of leadership skills today, the leaders of tomorrow will evolve.

Macbeth †Hunger & Humility Essay

Some say that when offered agency, a man would do anything to get it. For example, when Hercules finds tabu he is a god he didnt even know his own strength, and he used it in ways that other people didnt believe were very helpful but soon proved them wrong when he grew up and became more mature and powerful. Hercules wanted to use his newfound power for the well-being of others however, Macbeth had other plans for his use of power. In William Shakespeares tragic novel, Macbeth, a brilliant peacekeeper, Macbeth suffered from the same problem that befell many of the tragic Greek heroes like Oedipus. disrespect his eager and insightful vision he is unable to see himself or the future as clearly as he sees the battlefield before him. Macbeth proves in the story that he is a warrior model, ambitious, arrogant, and masculine altogether to a fault.Ambition, the hunger for the purpose-driven achievement, takes Macbeth to stunning extremes. At once intoxicated with his own slyness, he dec ides to stage a rebellion of his own, and to take the throne promised him by the Three Witches. Stoked by his wifes ruthless passion, he reaches his high point and melts down thereafter. But hit the sack your courage to the sticking-place, and well not fail. When Dun plunder is asleep where to the rather shall his days hard journey soundly invite him his two chamberlains will I with wine and jollify so convince that memory, the warder of the brain (I.VII. 60-65). Hunger turned ruthless, he finds he has little taste for absolute murder in cold blood, no exit how many he has slain in his path. Confused and pressed towards action, he must engage in dishonesty following the discovery of Dun notifys death, go away him caught up in self-doubt shortly after. His character has ambition, but lacked the ability to understand the trace of what acting on that ambition may have meant. Others, intentional him as they did, took advantage of him, leading Macbeth to go on a rampage.Arrogance plays a large role in this play, driven by confidence and national conspiracy. Also, defined as an offensive display of self-superiority, here we may take arrogance as a confidence absent the ability to self-affirm. This definition can be seen in many scenes throughout the play. As mentioned before, Macbeth had the courage to commit the deed that started it all, but only when traumatized by his wife. After her support edged away into a nervous craze, he himself falls into doubt, despair, and ultimately a reckless brand of destructiveness. It can be seen again, when the Three Witches play upon his ambition and arrogance, hidden promises slithering through the light armor of his doubt to play upon his hearts desires. A time when the lack is most clearly seen is when Macbeth drives himself mad, unable to argue successfully with Banquos ghost. Behold Look Lo How say you? Why, what care I? If thou canst nod, speak too (III. IV.70-71). Unable to confirm his feelings when none but he can see what infect him, he collapses. Seeking support, he finds that the best option is to return to his element and bring himself back to the battlefield, where he can die gloriously doing that which he was always best at.Maleness was Macbeths trademark as the standing alpha male. In this case, masculinity has a collection of traits and habits surrounding it. As the alpha, there are expectations to be met from others, a responsibility to those in his company, and dominance to be maintained for his own sake. Given his arrogance, ambition, and masculinity, he uses these traits to emphasize his character onto the knowledge domain around him. Assertion, and almost never careful judgment, is his primary tool in the performance. Due to this, Macbeth is sadly unprepared to deal with the events happening around him after his wife dies, whose talent what he lacked. She should have died hereafter there would have been a time for such a word. Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow creeps in this petty one thousand from day to day, to the last syllable of recorded time And all of our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death. (V. V. 17-23). As his reliability dies, doubt is cast upon him both by others and himself. The great lord remains unable to turn his once-sharp intellect inward to look at and create himself, or to moves desperately on, and it is almost too vexed to watch none enjoy seeing great men fall to their death, especially Macbeth.Macbeth makes the tragic figure in that he embodies all that is typically asked for in a great hero. He has a sharp ambition that drives the action, pride for years on well-deserved honor, and the ability to force him with the strength needed to uphold the receptive shine around him. And then as the story progresses, because of the same things those we so admired him for, it all turns to dust in a flood of desperation. Unable to annihilate his emotions or regulate his actions, he is then incapable of dodging or deflecti ng the consequences that drove him into the ground and over the edge. Macbeth therefore shows that he is a warrior model, ambitious, arrogant, and masculine all to a fault. It is tragic, and it is also heroic, and this is what truly makes Macbeth the perfect example of a tragic hero.

Research proposal for Risk Management Essay

IntroductionThe increasing pace of change, customer demands and market globalization all put jeopardize management high on the agenda for forward thinking companies. insecuritys cause cost overrun and schedule delay in m slightly(prenominal) realizes. The effectiveness of happen management becomes an important issue in project management. To make danger management more efficient and effective, all parties must broken instand jeopardize responsibilities, bump event conditions, risk preference, and risk management capabilities (Wehrung et al. 1988 Al-Bahar and Crandall 1990)Different parties involved in a look project face a variety of uncertain factors. These factors jackpot be compiled under the category of risk. Making decisions on the basis of assumptions, expectations, estimates and forecasts of future events involves taking risks. venture and uncertainty characterize military positions where the actual outcome for a ill-tempered event or activity is likely to devia te from the estimate or forecast value (Raftery 1994).The definition of risk management varies risk management is broadly speaking defined as, A formal orderly process for systematically identifying, analysing, and responding to risk events doneout the life of a project to obtain the optimum or gratifying degree of risk elimination or control (Al-Bahar & Crandall 1990).The objective of my research is to present the perception of typical Chinese contractor towards device risk. The result of surveys should pull ahead clarify the current perception of contractors regarding current construction circumstance in the indus pick up.The info and information will be lay in from published statistics, individual inter lieus and questionnaires, and the data will be apply to comp be with previous published surveys. The purpose of this comparison isto identify perception and trends in construction risk management. A introductory understanding of current attitudes and trends therefore wil l be indicated. Then I will adopt some appropriate case to enhance my understanding of my view point.The following proposal presents the What and How of my study, using an integrated approach to study risk and its management in Chinese construction industry.Brief introduction of Chinese construction industry chinawares economy has shown remark sufficient growth over the past several years and many foreign economists predict a red-blooded growth in the near future. According to the Chinese Statistical Yearbook 2002, Chinas construction industry achieved 646.2 billion yuan in quantity output value in 2001, story for 6.7 percent of the nations gross domestic product (GDP). Chinas construction industry cognize 704.7 billion yuan in total output value in 2002 an increase of 10.54 percent from the previous years 637.5 billion yuan accounting for 6.9 percent of the national GDP.Construction enterprises reached 45,893 by the end of 2001, employing 21,106,600 people and generating 1,53 6.156 billion yuan in output value and 402.357 billion yuan in added value. Areas under construction totaled 1,883,286,800 square meters realised areas covered 976.99 million square meters. Profits totaled 29.439 billion yuan in the year, with taxes at 49.903 billion yuan.Of the enterprises, 44,997 were Chinese with 20,986,800 staff members. The companies reaped 1,518.595 billion yuan in output value in 2001 and 398.022 billion yuan in added value. Areas under construction numbered 1,874,480,800 square meters and completed areas completed covered 972.532,300 square meters. Profits reached 28.83 billion yuan, with taxes at 49.392 billion yuan. (China Statistical Yearbook, 2002)Recent trends of risk management in Chinese construction industryFor years, the Chinese construction industry has had a very poor reputation for coping with risk, with many projects failing to meet deadlines and cost targets. This can be traced to many causes as Lu menti oned, including Technical, quality or p erformance reasons, such as employment of inexperienced designers, changes to the technology used or to industry standards during the project.Organizational problems, such as cost, time and scope objectives that are internally inconsistent, lack of prioritization of projects, inadequacy or interruption of funding, and resource conflicts with other projects in the organization. External problems, such as modify legal or regulatory environment, poor geological conditions and weather, force majeure. Project management, such as poor allocation of time and resources, inadequate quality of project plan, and poor use of project management disciplines. (Lu 2003)Risk management is still new to China it was introduced and applied in construction industry for a copulation short period. Survey showed that Chinese contractors are often responsible for most risk factors, meanwhile, the use of risk summary techniques for managing and controlling risk are mostly low among the Chinese constructi on industry. Basically, most contractors still resort to the subjective judgment and practice experience for perceiving and managing risks. However, according to Chinese Statistical Yearbook 2004, situation was improving. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan, Chinas construction industry has so far enjoyed a good opportunity for development, more and more parties involved in the construction projects raised their perception of risk and the attitude towards risk management improved. (China Statistical Yearbook, 2004)Literature ReviewThe belles-lettres review in this part is mainly more or less the identification of risk resources, classification of risk, perception of risk and basic theory of risk management as well.Sources of riskThere are many resources of risk that an organization must take into account before a decision is made. It is therefore important that these sources of risk are identified allowing the necessary analysis and response to take place. According to Merna and Smi th, sources of risk to business from projects including as follows political, environmental, planning, market, economic, fiscal, natural, project, technical, regulatory, human, criminal, safety, legal. (Merna and Smith 1996). A source of risk is any factor that can affect project or business performance, and risk arises when this is both uncertain and significance in its impact on project or business performance.Classification of riskIt is helpful to try to categorize risk associated with projects both as a guide to identification and to facilitate the distributeion of the most appropriate risk management strategy. Merna and smith proposed one method to separate the more general risks which might influence a project but may be outside the control of elements these are referred to as global and elemental risks.Global risks originate from sources external to the project environment. They are often predictable but not almodal values controllable. Global risks can be subdivided into fo ur sections political, legal, commercial and environmental risk. Elemental risks are those risks associated with elements of the project, namely implementation risks and operation risks, and for some projects there will be financial risks and revenue risks. These risks are more likely to be controllable or manageable by project parties. (Smith 2003)Perceptions of riskDifferent people will respond to seemingly interchangeable risky situation in very different ways. Risk perception has a crucial influence on risk taking behavior. The perceived impressiveness attached to decisions influences teambehavior and the consequent implementation methods. Subjectivity, according to Merna, is a key factor in assessing risk. Whether a problem is perceived in hurt of potential gains or losses will not be assessed as a simple mathematical calculation of the problem, but as a subjective fear, often linked to consequences of outcomes. Furthermore, he stated that risks are perceived by different st akeholders at different business level.Risk management processIn construction projects each of the three primary targets of cost, time and quality is likely to be subject to risks. In terms of project implementation, managers need to be able to undertake or propose action which reduce or eliminate the effects of risks. To achieve this aim, a suggested systematic approach to the management of risk is followed*Risk Identification To identify the risk resource*Risk Analysis To quantify the effects*Risk Response To develop management response to risk methodologyIn order to collect data and information for the research and examine the main questions raised, the following methodology will be possibly employed utility(prenominal) AnalysisSince direct observation is not very accessible in construction industry in China, secondary analysis is more preferable. Secondary analysis is the reanalysis of data that was originally compiled by another researcher for other purposes than the one the pr esent researcher intends to use it for. The sources that I would use include archives, newspaper, and magazine articles. I will try to choose the sources which are more objective. I will adopt appropriate methods to find the useful data and information for myresearch on risk management.QuestionnaireQuestionnaires are an inexpensive way to gather data from a potentially large number of respondents. Often they are the only feasible way to reach a number of reviewers large enough to allow statistically analysis of the results. For my study, the questionnaire is designed to collect data. The data will be compared with data collected from a similar survey conducted in 1979 by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). The purpose of this comparison is to identify ant trends in construction risk that will facilitate risk management.The reasons for me to choose questionnaire as research method as follows Firstly, a Questionnaire can save resources and money. Although preparation may b e costly, any data collection scheme will have similar preparation expenses. The administration cost per person of a questionnaire can be as low as postage and a few photocopies. Time is in like manner an important resource that questionnaires can maximize. Secondly, Questionnaires are easy to administer confidentially. Thirdly, in studies that have resources to quest after other data collection strategies, questionnaires can be a useful confirmation tools. Thus, questionnaires are versatile, allowing the collection of both subjective and objective data through the use of open or closed format questions. Modern computers have only made the task of collecting and extracting valuable material more efficient. someone InterviewsInterviews will enable me to do most of the qualitative part of my research, and the information gained here is usually more realistic. I plan to interview some engineers, some project management team and some experienced project managers as well. In addition, Individual interviews by a way of structured questionnaire will also be used to collect information about the risk management perception. The interview is especially important for some proposed examining questions. I will also search to interview someprofessional journal editors relating to construction industry.Case StudyCase study research is the most common qualitative method used in risk management. As Yin (2002) defined, the scope of a case study as follows A case study is an empirical inquiry that*investigates a contemporaneous phenomenon within its real-life context,*especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident.For my research on risk management, I will choose some upstart cases which relating to risk management as a way of identifying the perception and trends of risk management in construction industry in China. I will select both success and failing cases in Chinese construction industry.Proposed research TimetableI will cast of f about 4 months for my studies. I plan to spend the first month developing my proposal and methodology and completing the literature review. During this time, I will also try to obtain relevant published data and information. Then I plan to spend about one month in China obtaining statistics, doing questionnaires and interviews. I will spend the next two months in China so as to do some intensive fieldwork, and some follow-up jobs as well.May 2005 June 2005*Develop proposal and methodology and complete the literature review*Obtain relevant published statisticsJune 2005 July 2005*Intensive fieldwork in China*Analysis the statistics and data obtainedJuly 2005 August 2005*Follow-up questionnaires and interviews and fieldwork in ChinaAugust 2005 family line 2005*Mainly work on the thesis(Details see attached Gantt chart)ReferencesAl-Bahar, J. F., and Crandall, K. C. (1990) Systematic risk management approach for construction projects. Journal of Construction Engineering Management , 1163, 533-546.China Statistical Yearbook, 2002, China Statistics Press.China Statistical Yearbook 2004, China Statistics Press.Lu, Y. J. (2003) Risk Management for Large-scale Infrastructure Projects in China, 11Merna, A. and Smith, N. J. (1996) Projects procured by privately financial concession contracts, vol.1. Asia Law and Practice, Hong Kong.Raftery, J. (1994) Risk Analysis in Project Management. E & FN Spon, London.Smith, N. J. (2003) Appraisal, Risk and Uncertainty. 6, 42-43Wehrung, D. A., Lee, K., Tse, D. K., and Vertinsky, I. B. (1988). Adjusting risky situations A theoretical framework and empirical test. Journal of Risk Uncertainty, 2, 189-212.Yin, R. K. (2002) Case Study Research, Design and Methods, 3rd ed. Newbury Park, Sage Publications.

Daimler Ag and Mercedes Benz

Question 1 Identify the global grocerying environmental in this case. Show with references to Daimlers product markets, how it might monitor and meet these environmental ch in allenges in contiguous three years. Mercedes Benz is a German based manufacturer of lavishness cars, trucks an coaches and it also creative activitys oldest automobile company. There are 13 major automobile players in the atomic number 63an automobile industry and outside European giants are Toyota & Nissan. Mercedes Benz has a manufacturing plant in South Africa where they manufactured cardinal third of all passenger cars in EU.They produce 18. 6 million passenger cars, trucks and buses per annum. Motor manufacturing in EU is a source of worker mobility, amicable and cultural activity. More than 12 million families depend on automobile employment and 10 million being employed in related sectors standardized electrics, panel, tyres etc. Mercedes Benz production is now on global basis. Traditionally they operated in the luxury car market segment now they move on to the large domain of passenger cars. Daimlers product range includes Mercedes Benz cars(A,B,C,G,GL,CLS E,ML, S,SL,SLK,SLR models, Maybach and Smart.They have also commercial vehicles, trucks, buses and components. Daimler sold 467,000 heavy, medium and light trucks in 2007. They have also Daimler financial services. Mercedes Benz energetic in three forms of motor sport like Formula one, Formula three, and DTM. At 2007 in Frankfurt motor show they showed seven loanblend models including the F700 concept car which combined hybrid drive with innovative Diesotto engine. Daimler is committed to enhancing the quality of life and the environment and societies. Compliance with environmental legislation and regulations is a outlet of course for Daimler.To ensure sustainable development, the Group is also committed to the active and ongoing development of environmental protection, both in production and in the products themsel ves, in order to further reduce the burden on the environment. They need to address environmental challenge of the future. For monitoring and meeting these environmental challenges they need to commit to the active and ongoing development of environmental protection, both in production and in the products themselves, in order to further reduce the burden on the environment.They also get hold of to develop products which are highly responsible to the environment in their respective market segments. They would plan all stages of manufacturing to provide optimal environmental protection. Q 2 a) tell the basis on which Daimler segments its current markets and suggest alternative bases. b) Conduct a new market probability analysis for Daimlers range of products over the next three years Daimler Product range include Mercedes Benz (A,B,C,G,GL,SLK,CLS E,ML,R,S,SL,SLR). They also have maybach and smart. Traditionally they has operated in the luxury car market segment.Daimler Chrysler had launched their new super luxury car, the Maybach to much excitement for those that can afford such luxury. The Maybach is the newest addition to the Daimler Chrysler range of car marques, which includes the venerable Mercedes Benz brand. In May 2002, the Maybach went on sale in Europe with two models the Maybach 57 and 62 launched. The Maybach is Daimler Chryslers attempt to move into the realm of super luxury car market niche. For super-luxury comes at a hefty price. harmonize to current estimates, worldwide demand for automobiles is likely to grow this year by approximately 2 to 4%.This growth should be primarily driven by the ongoing expansion of the Chinese market and a moderate increase in demand in the United States. No impetus is to be judge from the Western European market, however. Demand in Japan will probably decrease significantly, with a perceptible negative impact on the growth of the world market. Question 3 With reference to the information available in the case an d your observations, identify the friendly and ethical issues which are impacting on Daimlers global market operations currently and in the future. How should the company respond to these issues?Social issues refer to the matters that can be explained only by factors outside an individuals control and immediate social environment which affect many individuals in a society. Commonsocial issuesinclude poverty, violence, justice, human rights (suppression of), equality (or discrimination), and crime, and usually revolve around conflicting viewpoints and tensions amidst people who take different stances. Ethical issues refers to aproblemor situation thatrequiresapersonororganizationto choose between alternatives that mustiness be evaluated as right (ethical) or wrong (unethical).For example, if you are faced with an applicant who is a close friend or family member. If you consider yourself an equal opportunity employer, then your ethical obligation is to consider her qualifications a gainst other potential candidates, rather than practice favoritism. In the late 1930s and in 1955 after a attestator was killed, Mercedes-Benz withdrew itself from motorsport completely. Until the 1980s, Mercedes-Benz did not return to the world of motorsport. For a certain period of time there out of action due to the social distress they caused.Now the company should put forward high security and hire extremely talented professional race drivers to avoid this kind of social distress again. Increased demand is coming from china and India, which is a good sign for the industry. But there are some problems. Like, China did not fully implement the WTO commitments across a wide range of areas, causing real concern. China is also creating non-tariff barriers. On top of such restrictions, the eco lobby is busy targeting countries like China and India to cut their carbon dioxide emissions and pollution. In all markets, the anti globalization lobby is omnipresent.

Movie: The Power of One Essay

The director fanny G. Avildsen has do the concert scene memorable from the movie The Power of One which was set in apartheid time in Africa by using many visual and verbal techniques such as lighting, music and dialog that support all the suggestions that the scene makes. These techniques make this scene and film memorable.During the concert scene Peekay conducted a group of non-white African prisoners to sing for the commandant. Peekay was proven to be dexterous and determined in this scene because he translated the guards speech to the prisoners incorrectly to encourage the tribes to unite. The Guard told Peekay to translate sorriest prisoners in all of Africa but Peekay translate it to Let us be one under the African Sky. The prisoners sang a song about the guards they run this way, they run that way, they are afraid, they are cowards.. in Zulu. Sergent Boreman control Peet and made him tell what the wrangling to the song meant and then beat him to death because he was aggra vated about what the prisoners were singing. Peekay got to Peet in time for him to say his last words All the tribes as one, thanks to you rainmaker.A visual technique which made the concert scene memorable was lighting. The dark dim lighting suggested that the conditions of the prison were harsh. An modeling of this is when Geil Peet is beaten to death by Sergeant Boreman, the lighting was harsh, artificial and spot lighten which made Boreman look evil. The lighting gives the audience clues about the dark emotions experient by Geil Peet in this scene.An different technique used in this film is the music during this scene. There were only two types of music, the piano and the background singing of the African prisoners which suggest a lot of things, for example the prisoners singing from different tribes could suggest co-operation and equality between tribes and the singing in Zulu meant that the commandant and Sergeant and guards could not run across what the tribes were singing about the guards being cowards and afraid. Alyea Olyeah mon is what one of the prisoners was shouting out. Peekay in this scene translated the commandants speech incorrectly which gave the prisoners encouragement to bring honor totheir tribe.The dialog also made this scene memorable in this film. The dialog was very moving and powerful. The speeches were moving because the verbal and visuals at each part of the scene were supporting each other to create something beautiful even though Geil Peet was dieing in Peekays arms saying rainmaker the over narration when Geil dies is also moving for a brief effect he was a freeman. This suggest that Peet had a hard life before if he was a freeman just before he died. The essential English speech of the commandant suggest that he hated all black people and thought that whites are superior which also suggest racism.I believe that this film The Power of One is a bold, strong and moving film and many memorable and important scenes like the co ncert scene. The Director John G. Avildsen has attempted to recreate what apartheid was like in Africa and I strongly believe that this film has captured that image.

Declaratory Theory

Declaratory theory is propounded on the belief that resolves closes never consecrate hardlyice, rather they scarcely constitute evidence of what the legalityfulness of naturefulness is. However, this view is no longer de universeded. there are three reasons for the persistence of the asserting(prenominal) theory. In the counterbalance signal, it appealed in the separation of powers. Secondly, it concealed the special(prenominal) that say-made law is retrospective in its effect and fin each(prenominal)y, when the judges confronted with a hot, unusual, or different point, they tend to present as if the answer is provided by the common law.One of the most widely-accepted principles of the English well-grounded system is what is kn possess as the declaratory theory of judicial decision-making. This principle states that when judges are necessitate to reconstruct decisions, they do non lay down or change the law, they merely declare it. That is, a judge says what he or she finds the law to be no new law is ever created by judges. New law injects from Parliament. For example, the Criminal Justice write up that is currently going through Parliament will make fairly stem turn changes to the criminal law.It will take away the blanket immunity that currently exists from being prosecuted twice for the same offence. No- i is suggesting that this Bill declares the law the ancient double-jeopardy principle has existed for centuries. When the Bill is enacted, the law will simply change. This article attempts to show, head start, that the declaratory theory itself is based on indefensible assumptions of fact. Second, it shows that the theory roughtimes leads to freaky conclusions, which asshole only be avoided by the most strained reasoning.Finally, it examines why the theory commands so much idolize, when most academics and m each judges believe it to be fatally flawed. Why the declaratory theory is factually indefensible The classical ex position of the declaratory theory is that of Lord Esher in Willis v Baddeley (1892) There is, in fact, no such affair as judge-made law, for the judges do non make the law, though they frequently have to apply existing law to circumstances as to which it has non antecedently been authoritatively laid down that such law is applicable.That judges appear to create and change law is undeniable slicknesss like Donaghue v Stevenson, Hedley Byrne v Heller, and Wednesbury play signifi adviset developments in the law. In Lord Eshers view, the judges in these cases would simply be applying existing principles to new fact situations. But where do these existing principles come from? Some of them, no doubt, come from anterior case law. When a judge is called on to decide a case, most often a decision can be made by looking at previous cases whose facts are similar to those at issue, and reasoning from them.Very often there will be previous cases that are binding on a particular court, and these will dictate the outcome. But unless we are to accept an infinite regress of case law, back to the rattling dawn of time, there must be some point in the past at which an issue was first decided. The romantic view is that the earliest judicial decisions were made by the wandering justices of the 13th hundred, who travelled the land at the Kings behest, applying and unifying the existing law of the land.The pragmatic view is that the English common law results from an attempt by the Norman French nobility to apply its standards of law in a conquered country, while giving an illusion of continuity. Whether the legal developments of the medieval power point followed from a process of approving established legal custom, or from the imposition of a foreign jurisprudence, neither represent an answer to the question where the foundational principles come from. There are really only deuce possibilities either they were, at some point, created by the judges, or they were based on ex isting universal truths that were axiomatic to the judges.The declaratory theory repudiates the nonion that the judges made things up, so the only alternative is that they were based on universal truths. The notion that law is based on fundamental, self-evident principles of ethics is often called natural law jurisprudence. To be fair, the idea of natural law has had a bit of a revival in the last fifty years or so, after being out of privilege since the 18th century. The idea that the declaratory theory can be traced back to natural law therefore does not attract the same scepticism today as it would have in the 19th century.The problem with natural law is that even if one is hustling to accept its basic tenet, that there indeed are self-evident principles of ethics, it is by no means obvious that e rattling situation that requires a judicial decision is one in which such fundamentals are at issue. pick up, for example, the well-known case of Entores v Miles Far East Corp (1955 ). This concerned the formation of a compress by telex machine, in the rattling early days of this technology.Previously most formal business transactions would have been carried out by post the postal rule was and still is that if person A offers to contract with person B, then the contract is formed when Bs letter of acceptance is posted to A. This is the case even if Bs acceptance never even reaches A. When considering the use of telex, the court had to decide whether the same principle could be applied to telex as to post, that is, whether a telexed acceptance was effective on sending, or on receipt. The leading savvy in Entores was given by Denning LJ.In his judgement he does not refer to any existing case law, or any legal principle. Instead, he says that it is simply reasonable and obvious that a telex must be received to be effective. If the declarative theory is correct, then Dennings judgement cannot be creating law it must be declaring what the law is. But since he d oes not refer to any existing law, it must, presumably, be derived from universal principles. Now, a proponent of natural law whitethorn believe it is self-evident that, for example, murder and rape are wrong.But it takes a real leap of faith to believe that there are principles of natural law at stake in deciding when a telexed contract is formed. The reality, of flux, is that when Entores was heard, no-one really wanted to see the postal rule extended to a new technology. Dennings judgement is an entirely pragmatic one. It does not require any higher principles to be considered. In summary, the declaratory theory is predicated absolutely on acceptance of a natural law view of jurisprudence, not just for fundamental principles of ethics, and for ein truththing.This, I suggest, is just too much to swallow. Why the declaratory theory produces bizarre results Law students generally know about the retrospectivity of the declaratory theory but it doesnt seem to be well lowstood that this is not a doctrinal theme, or something that can be argued either way, it is an inevitable conclusion of the declaratory theory. If a judicial decision cannot create new law, then when the judge declares the law, as a matter of plain logic he is declaring what the law incessantly was. In the Entores example discussed above, this does not create a problem.It established that the use of telex had certain legal meanings, but since telex was only just coming into use when this decision was made, the fact that Denning was declaring what the law was is of no consequence. It is purely a matter of academic give-and-take whether the postal rule would have applied to telex in, say, the 15th century. It is, surely, of not practical consequence. Perhaps the first occasion on which the full implications of the declaratory theory had to be confronted squarely by a court was in the case of Kleinwort Benson v Leicester CC.Here, the dramatic art of lords had to rule on what should have bee n, for a court of this standing, a daily matter. The question at issue was whether money was recoverable in a restitution action, if it was paid from one party to an different in a ill-judged understanding of law. It had always been the case that money paid under of a misunderstanding of fact was recoverable. It was widely believed that the inability to retrieve money paid under a mistake of law was unjust, and contrary with other legal principles and other jurisdictions.Both parties to the case, and all five of the law lords, were in agreement on this point it should be possible to recover money paid under a mistake of law. The disagreement was on whether the decision that it was recoverable should apply only to new cases, or to past cases. Kleinwort Benson, a bank, had already paid its money to the defendant local authority. It therefore argued that the decision should operate retrospectively, so it could naturalize its money. The Local Authority, on the other hand, argued th at the decision should not have retrospective effect.The problem was that if the issue were decided in favour of the claimant bank, it must have retrospective effect. This is a direct consequence of the declarative theory. After all, if the law at time T1 was X, and it is later changed at time T2 by judicial declaration to Y, then the effect of that declaration is to deem that the law at T1 was Y as well. Of course, no-one at time T1 knew this, and so a decision made on the stand that the law was X, not Y, was necessarily mistaken. You whitethorn be wondering why this would have such dramatic consequences.Well, a potentially large number of businesses could suddenly find that the they had grounds for litigation arising from things that happened in the distant past, and which they had no way of knowing at the time would be actionable. No-one would wish to see a barrage of ancient, poorly-remembered cases dragged up before the courts in the confide of gain. For technical reasons whi ch I dont have space to explain here, the Limitations Act would not prevent this. So the Law Lords were faced with a problem.They could decide justly, in favour of the claimant bank, by ruling that it could recover its money, and accept the inevitable problems that the retrospectivity of its decision would bring. Or it could decide against the claimant, and avoid the problems, but at the expense of leaving in place an unjust and criticised rule of law. It was simply not open to the judges to change the unjust law, without the change being retrospective, unless they were prepared to openly attack the declarative theory. It is raise to see how the various judges attempted to deal with this problem.It should be noted from the outset that all the Law Lords in Kleinwort Benson agreed that, in practice, judicial decisions do change the law, rather than simply declaring it. No-one suggested for a moment that the declaratory theory was actually true. For example, Lord Goff says It is unive rsally recognised that judicial development of the common law is inevitable. If it had never taken place, the common law would be the same now as it was in the reign of King Henry II However, there was very little enthusiasm for making an official pronouncement to that effect.We will discuss possible reasons for this later. Lord Browne-Wilkinson proposed a judicial damage-limitation exercise. He suggested that although the declaratory theory should be upheld, it could be prevented from giving rise to actions arising out of past conduct. retrospection cannot falsify hi fiction if at the date of each payment it was adjudicated law the claimants were not labouring under any mistake of law at that date. The subsequent decision could not create a mistake where no mistake existed at the time.In other words, what he seems to be saying is that although the claimants did in fact err in law, they had not made a mistake of law, so they could not reclaim their payments. This is quite a neat trick, because it upholds the revered declaratory theory, while preventing it giving rise to an undesirable situation. However, it does rely on accepting that there are two different metas of mistake of law. One meta occurs when a person misunderstands the law that actually subsists at the time he applies it, and which continues to subsist.The other meta occurs when a person correctly understands the law at the time he made the decision, but his understanding was later made wrong by a judicial decision. Even if one accepts this whimsical and unfounded distinction, it seems impossible to avoid the conclusion that it is unjust. If a person makes a mistake of law, and the law remains the same, then the mistaken person can reclaim any money paid as a result of that mistake. On the other hand, a person who later finds that he was mistaken as a result of judicial decision cannot reclaim anything.Yet the latter person is blameless his decision has been wronged by later events beyond his c ontrol. The former person could at least (in theory) have discovered what the law was. The effect of the Browne-Wilkinson solution is to apply the declaratory theory intact, at the expense of justice and common sense. Lord Goff showed, perhaps, the greatest reverence for the declaratory theory I can see no good reason why your Lordships House should take a step which, as I see it, is inconsistent with the declaratory theory of judicial decision as applied in our legal systemAs a result, he was prepared to allow a person to recover money paid under a decision in law which was correct at the time, and later shown to be false. In his analysis, the claimant was labouring under a mistake of law, but simply did not know it. Lord Goff correctly analysed the effect of the retrospectivity of the declaratory theory, and allowed it to stand scorn the odd results it engenders. Lord Hoffman recognised the problems that would follow from finding for the claimant, but decided that they were a pr ice worth paying for doing justice in the particular case This may suggest that your Lordships should leave the whole question o the law-makers There is obviously a strong argument for doing so, but I do not think that it should prevail over the desirability of giving in this case what your Lordships consider to be a just and principled decision. Lord confide decided along much the same lines as Lord Goff. Of the five Law Lords, Lord Lloyd was the only one to criticise the declarative theory It follows that the House of lords is doing more than develop the law. It is changing the law, as common sense suggests If this view of what happens is inconsistent with the declaratory theory of the courts function, then it is time we said so.It always was a fairy tale. And For myself, I would want to allow the appeal, if I could, avoiding the effect of retrospectivity. But as that is not to be, I consider the second best course is to leave the abolition of the mistake of law rule to Parliame nt. He seems to be saying that a decision for the claimant, coupled with the effect of the declaratory theory, will produce results so bizarre and unpredictable that it ought not to be allowed. In other words, the price of doing justice in this case is too high.Legal retrospectivity is bad enough in the elegant law, but in the criminal law it becomes a human rights issue. Article 7(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights specifically forbids criminal sanctions for an act that did not constitute a crime at the time it was committed. In other words, however heinous we might think an act is, it cant be punished unless the wrongdoer had a way to know it was illegal. Of course, ignorance of the law is no defence, but the offender has to be able to know the law to be bound by it. Consider the famous House of lords case of R v R (1994).This concerned a man who raped his wife, and based his defence on the fact that for a man to rape his wife was not, in fact, illegal. It may be cond emned, it may even be wicked, but it was not at that time illegal. If a man had approach a solicitor in 1990 and said Look, Im thinking of raping my wife, is that illegal? a competent solicitor may well have said Well, of course I wouldnt con do it, but the balance of authority is that it isnt actually illegal. He could have cited authorities going back to the 16th century to back this up.At this time, there was increasing pressure on Parliament and the courts to overturn this unedifying principle of law, but when R was heard, no action had been taken. To cut a long story short, the House of lords decided that marital rape was illegal, reversing a 400-year tradition. Everyone, with the exception of the defendant, heaved a sigh of relief. Later that year, the decision was put on a statutory basis, which appeared to settle the matter once and for all. The fly in the ointment is our old friend retrospectivity. The decision in R was not that marital rape was illegal, but that it had always been illegal.Again, the court had no power to decide otherwise. And this means that an octogenarian who raped his wife in the 1940s could now be prosecuted. You may feel that this is a just conclusion you may feel that rapists should get their just deserts. However, the fact remains that we would be punishing a person for something which was not illegal at the time, and which he would have no way of knowing was ever going to be illegal. The social conditions of the time may not even have led our mantic defendant to think he was doing anything wrong.But he could still be prosecuted. This may sound far-fetched, but in fact within a year of the decision in R, cases were being heard in the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). SW v United Kingdom (1995) concerned a man who was prosecuted in 1994 for a rape he had allegedly committed in 1990. If was far from obvious that marital rape was illegal in 1990. The ECHR upheld the criminal conviction, on the basis that when the rapes o ccurred, the defendants could have reasonably foreseen that the criminalisation of martial rape was likely.The problem with the decision in SW v UK is that it suggests that a person must govern his behaviour, not by what the law is, but by what he predicts it will be when any consequent prosecution is bought. So, not only is ignorance of the law no defence, but ignorance of the future development of the law is also no defence None of the forgoing is intended to condone the practice of marital rape. Judicial retrospectivity presents the same grade of problem for any criminal offence, of any severity. Lord Diplock has suggested that the retrospectivity of judicial decisions discourages judges from correcting defects in the law.Judges have to be very conservative if they must predict not only the effect of their decisions on new cases, but the effect they would have had if made in the past. To get around this problem, the Supreme Court of the USA has follow the device of prospective overruling this device allows the court to state that a decision that changes the law is not to have retrospective effect. The problem is that prospective overruling is simply incompatible with the declaratory theory. If the former comes in, the latter must go. However, as Prof.Zander says, the courts can accept that the declaratory, retrospective effect of its decisions is doctrinally correct, while at the same time permit it be known that they will decide cases on the basis of the law as would have been understood when the events occurred, not when the case is heard. This is a fudge, but believably a workable fudge. Why is the declaratory theory so revered? In Albions Fatal Tree (1975), Douglas Hay argues that the decline in formal apparitional observance in the 18th century left a power vacuum to be filled by the law.For law to command the notice of golf-club in the way that the church had done, it was necessary that it be seen as something above and beyond its practitioners The punctilious attention to forms, the dispassionate and legalistic exchanges between counsel and the judge, argued that those administering the laws submitted to its rules In short, its very inefficiency, its absurd formalism, was part of its strength as ideology. Such an ideology would be undermined, of course, if it were seen that law were nothing more than the creation of ordinary people.It was the job of the legal handicraft to form an elite, and thereby shield the ugly reality of lawmaking from ordinary scrutiny. While this argument may have had validity in the 18th century, it is not at all easy to see that it stands up in the 21st century. To respect the law, we dont necessarily need to view it as having supernatural origins. Moreover, since the 18th century the development of the law has increasingly been effected by statute. No-one expects Parliaments legislative programme to be to be guided by anything more than the views of society as denotative through the ballot b ox.Nevertheless, while most judges tacitly accept that their activities have the effect of lawmaking, relatively few have been prepared to criticise the declaratory theory in public. Lord Reid is usually credited with first describing the declaratory theory as a fairy tale in a 1972 article The judge as law-maker in JSPTL he described the Aladdins cave in which those with a taste for fairy tales expect the common law to be found. However, he was not the first influential judge to cast doubt on the declaratory theory. For example, Lord Radcliffe wrote in the Law Society Gazette in 1964 here was never a more sterile controversy than that upon the question whether a judge makes law. Of course he does. How can he help it? Such comments are, to say the least, unusual. Prof. Atiyah is probably the most outspoken critic of the modern judicial attitude to the declaratory theory. In Judges and Policy (1980 ILR 346) he identified five reasons for its continued existence. First, it is to the advantage of the judge if he can, in a unmanageable case, deflect any criticism of his own decision onto the law as a higher principle.As Atiyah says, of course, this can be seen as a shabby attempt to evade responsibility. Nonetheless, the job of a judge is difficult enough, without having to deal with personal attacks on his decisions. Lord Devlin has suggested that judges will at times hint to claimants that they wish they could find otherwise, but are bound by the law. Second, it is generally accepted as a constitutional principle that it is the role of the legislature to make law, and the role of the judiciary to interpret it in specific cases. Where judges do make law, they should do so within narrow constraints.There is undoubtedly some virtue in this principle. The most famous exponent of judicial creativity in modern times is almost certainly Lord Denning. His view was very much that it was the job of the judge to do justice if that meant that principles of law had to be bent to fit, that was a price worth paying. The problem is that his decisions do not generalise. It is often difficult for later judges, reading his reasoning, to determine whether the decisions he made are based on law that ought to be applicable in other cases, or to fact situations particular to the case under consideration.This is evidenced by the fact that many of the principles that he established by doing the right thing in a particular case have come to be misapplied in later cases, and have had to be circumscribed by later judges. For example, his decision in Solle v slaughterer (1949) that a contract could be set aside on equitable grounds when entered under a mutual mistake, did justice in the case itself. This decision was followed in a large number of cases, but it was never entirely clear what would kernel to equitable grounds.Finally, in 2003 the case of The Great Peace more or less demolished the entire concept of mistake in equity and put this branch of law back where it was 50 years ago. Even if judicial creativity can do justice in the present case without compromising later decisions, there are other reasons why judicial creativity should be constrained. Judges are only able to deal with cases they hear it is difficult for them to take a wider view of any issue. Judges are not well-placed to make decisions that involve elements of social policy.In addition, arguably judges are drawn from a much narrower section of society than MPs, and therefore less representative. Third, Atiyah argues that judicial lawmaking is tolerated only because it is not exercised openly. Lord Devlin has argued (Judges and lawmakers 1976 39 MLR 11) that if the courts are given, or arrogate to themselves, the power to make decisions without retrospective effect (and thereby demolish the declarative theory) this will amount to an approval to engage in judicial law-making in the large.While we accept that development of the law requires an occasional exercise of jud icial creativity, the fact that it has to be done on the sly means that it wont be done all that often Paddling across the Rubicon by individuals in disguise is better than the bridging of the river by an army in uniform with bands playing. Atiyahs fourth argument is that many judges themselves have a naive and simplistic view of their own lawmaking role.They frequently speak or write as though the only alternative to a slavish devotion to the declaratory theory is the wholesale abandonment of the doctrine of precedent and the separation of powers. Judges frequently invoke Seldons old chestnut about the law varying with the length of the Lord Chancellors foot as a reason for their own conservatism. However, there is no reason to assume that a disavowal of the declaratory theory need signal the end of the doctrine of precedent (it has not done so in the USA), or the dissolution of the separation of powers.The fifth argument is that public respect for the judiciary depends on their st rict and evident impartiality. If the judge was seen to create or change law, the implication is that the judge prefers one view of law to another. But, as Atiyah says, there is no reason to believe that the public will respect a judge that is impartial but unjust, more than one that is partial but fair. Judicial adherence, at least in public, to the declaratory theory may be for the very best of motives.However, in a well-educated, democratic society, it is doubtful whether it is ever appropriate for the governing classes to espouse one point of view in public, and a different one in private. Not only is it intellectually dishonest, it is doubtful whether it is necessary. Moreover, it is a strategy that is unlikely to work for much longer. It seems unlikely that the public will be moved to increased confidence in the judiciary, when it becomes obvious that the judiciary have practised a paternalistic and patronising form of misinformation for all these years.

Money: Descriptio Essay

Money Money is a very essential factor in our lives. In this world eachone of necessity bills in order to survive. The reason why our world its active, its because we be all turn backking for this medium. Money has a great influence on every society, it gives plurality a different perception of life and can happen to change peoples lifestyle. Money can have an effective impact peoples lives ,likewise it can lead to round negative impact. Indeed Money is what the world is about , what our lives depends on and what we are all living for. In fact money is infallible in todays global society.This medium is the center of all activities , everyone needs for their whole life for clothes, for food, for a shelter and all other things to live comfortably. There are some people who have bounteous money to provide themselves more than these basic needs , they are usually referred as rich or wealthy people , some have enough to buy a town or even a country. For example, the wealthy can travel across the ocean or the desert if they so desire, whereas the poor must deny themselves such pleasures and focus on simply having enough money to make it to the end of the month.Money is money is not gibe across different classes in a social hierarchy,apparently it is based on productivity. Furthermore ,although we can see class distinctions economically , these classes are equal on some level. For instance one of the richest people in the world cannot buy love, health, joy peace or feelings . Money has it limit ,money can yet buy mostly concrete and material things. After all , we are all motivate to get it , because our lives depends on it .Money cannot provide every single things nor pick every problems , but it can make our lives less miserable. Certainly without it our living conditions would be poor hard to meet the basic needs in life . Moreover, a part from those advantages ,money has brought us a lot of downsides. . Money often makes people conceited, grasping , e nvious . Usually we are never satisfied of enough money we have ,everyone want to get more , even the wealthy people want earn as more as possible . Earning money legitimately is a difficult task , but some people want it to be an easy one.For instance there are people who are willing to do any kind of things in order to get it , they will steal, cheat, break the law, lie , do harm to others to fill their pocket. This medium has taken over our lives, it is without doubt very valuable in life ,the more materials we get . In conclusion , money brings a lot of advantages as see ,we all know that it is necessary for survival . Whether money does us good or harm it depends greatly on our perception of it. Money is not necessary to be happy, though it is essential to remain happy. For this reason making money is the first common goal on everyones life .

Hydrogen vehicle

The riots argon still raging In the streets and bollix prices are $200 a gallon. It has been 15 days since we have been told that there Is no more fossil fuels. Our civilization Is at the tipping point Like I said there is violent riots in the streets the lights are not turning on and neither Is the water. My mom tells me its like this because when she was a kid every mavin abandoned the head of clean energy because they were told that scientists figured out how to clean up the pollution. No one thought of when we were firing to run out fossil fuel and now e have.We need a new quotation of power, a clean and unlimited reserve of energy, hydrogen. henry Is a clean and unlimited resource. Hydrogen Is a completely clean resource, when used in cars its only emission is water vapor and heat. Hydrogen is to the highest degree unlimited when hydrogen runs out our universe will have ended ( most likely one hundred trillion years) years from now. Hydrogen is extremely streamlined, it is 3 times more efficient than gasoline. You evoke get 480 miles a tank with the Toyota FICHE. From coral you can make it all the way to San Diego, CA and go another 156 mi on one tank.Some show that hydrogen is very flammable and can explode. Those that argue this are 100% correct but it is not any more flammable than the gasoline in your car right now. Hydrogen is only $1. 80 gallon and 3 times more efficient than gasoline. You would be paying half the price of gasoline and going 3 times as far. Hydrogen would be saving you a lot of money for family trips or Just every day acquiring just about and doing errands. Hydrogen fuel cells would be saving people money and time used picking up the tank. Hydrogen fuel is extremely efficient and will be getting people around everywhere.

Girl Education Essay

Despite all elevated claims by the government and nagging by voluntary organizations, a vast majority of the girls are even illiterate in India. During the last four decades since independence, much is be d peerless to emancipate women. Education of girls is one of the basic features of the plan. Many schools and colleges are founded for girls.Even co-education has received considerable support from the public, and although orthodox parents still good deal the system of co-education with suspicion, a large number of families send their daughters to co-educational institutions. Female education is, indeed, receiving a great impulsion and the advance made by our country in this direction during the last decade or so is considerable.It is being increasingly recognized that educated wives and mothers are an asset to a nation and that neither set push down nor effort should be spared to make distaff education popular and even compulsory. Being educated, they are operative in ban ks, private firms, hospitals and government offices.Education has led to their economic independence and equality with menfolk. They fuck off direct an honoured position in society and have secured their rights from the reluctant men but all this is confined mainly to the urban areas. In rural areas most of the people are still against girls education.So much take to be done yet. An intensive propaganda is necessary to popularize female education non only in the towns and cities where its value is already fully recognized but in villages where the education of girls is still in its infancy. thither are many villages where school for girl does not exist.Every village must have a girl schools, or if that is not possible owing to lack of funds, parents should be persuaded to admit their daughters to boys schools thus promoting co-education.Furthermore, the fundamental poverty of the Indian masses makes it imperative that education for girls should be free up to the matriculation standard. Iffacilities for female education are provided in every village, it will also be possible to make it compulsory.especial(a) legislation should then be enacted to deal with parents who neglect the education of their daughters. This compulsion would be essential in early stages because most villagers are still too ignorant to understand the value of education for girls.It should not be forgotten, however, that the education given to girls ought to be strictly in accordance with their needs.At present, practically no distinction exists between the education of boys and that of girls. The two sexes are taught the same subjects both at school and college and they have to appear in the same examinations. That is clearly absurd. We must not lose sight of the occurrence piece of music boys have to be fitted for careers girls have to be prepared primarily for their duties as wives and mothers.It is true that many girls would comparable to take up various jobs like the boys, but even so the syllabi and courses of studies and the subjects for the two sexes should not be exactly the same.Girls ought to receive a good general education. No matter what other subjects they are taught, cookery, music, characterisation and hygiene should receive special emphasis. Subjects like arithmetic, history, geography and science will no doubt be common to boys and girls. Girls should primarily be trained for domestic life and all that goes with it.For we cannot escape the natural fact that the girls have one day to become wives and as a consequence mothers. Due emphasis should be laid on nursing, cooking, laundry, household accounts, etc. in the education of girls. They should be given lessons in child psychology.Ample opportunities should exist for them to learn the arts of dancing, music and painting if they have the necessary aptitude. That being so, the natureof education that is given to them now must be such as to prove effectual to them in their future capacity as wives and mothers.No doubt certain girls show promise of exploitation into artists, writers, orators, politicians and so forth, others may prefer to follow such professions as doctoring, teaching and law and still others may like to become steno-typists, secretaries, business executives, receptionists, telephone operators, etc. But the majority of girls have naturally a distinct preference for a general education, after which they will enter matrimony and settle down in their homes.So while all possible arrangements should exist in schools and colleges to encourage talent or a special aptitude for a particular profession, the average girl should be so educated and trained as to enable her to make home life happy, healthy and civilized.

Bcom/275 Wk4 Assignment

BCOM/275 WK4 Assignment K directing Your Audience colloquy Release Communication To Family Face-To-Face We regret to inform you that your family member is among 33 workers currently trapped due to cave-in. We want you to know that as we speak, we have rescue workers on site doing eitherthing possible to bring every worker to safety as soon as possible. We will proceed you informed as pertly information develops. I this statement I dont wont to give too frequently information about the events that possibly lead to the collapse be move I dont want to cause any more sorrow or panic than necessary It is wise to keep the family informed of any developing information because it is best they here it from you instead of miss-information from the news. Until the whereabouts of the miners have been confirmed, it is best to not mention that discontinue to the family. Communication To The Company Via MeetingWe have just been informed of a cave-in trapping 33 miners at nonpareil of our Northern Chile copper mining location. Rescuers are drilling holes to try and locate the works. But for now there has been no confirmation as to whether the 33 miners have survived the cave-in. They are approximately 300 meters nap and there is limited food, oxygen and water. So rescuers are working around the clock. We have also well-read that doing the rescue there was a second cave-in Saturday causing a delay in rescue efforts for several(prenominal) hours.We ask that you reframe from sharing any information with anyone outside the company, especially the media. It is important that we gather all that facts and keep the family members informed prior to any information being leaked to the media. There will be a stick with up emails informing everyone of new information as it is received. With the company I would want to be unbiased and somewhat detailed of the events. It is important to information co-workers to not talk to media about certain details of the consequent out of fear that it may get misworded and back to the families.

The thunder and lightening crashed over my head and made me very afraid

They utter it would never rain again. I was surrounded by people but I had never matte up so lonely.As I sat gazing from my window, I began to notice lots of happy families passing by on the road, all in their parents cars. As I sit alone, thinking ab erupt my past, I began to relieve oneself so miserable and depressed.I suppose you are wondering who I am and what tragedy could have brought me to this place. Well, I will explain to you the long story.The thunder and lightening crashed over my lintel and made me really afraid. I was not the only one. My teacher kept looking upwards with a concerned expression. Thats was when the head teacher burst into the room and ordered everyone to follow her. This was not normal. It could only mean that everybody was in full danger. I instantly thought of my parents at home on their farm, had anyone warned them that a typhoon was coming soon?The note outside was deafening. From our position on the roof, we could see everything. I watched in horror as a fumble wall collapsed onto the road, trapping families in their cars. I saw frantic parents digging at the mud, trying to alleviate their children who were pipe down in the mouth trapped. I wanted to go and save my parents too but I could not move. dickens hours later, the road was a river. Trees and mud crashed through the village, destroying houses and families.Gradually, the storm came to an end. We were eventually allowed off the roof and I felt so glad, now I could go back and find out what had happened to my parents. I was so panic-stricken that they had been in danger, I just needed to know if they were safe.When I arrived home, I saw my house. It was completely destroyed. I ran towards it, screaming, calling for my mum and dad. Suddenly, I saw a flash of gold. It could only be one thing, my mothers ring. It was still attached to her still, lifeless, bloodless hand. I was numb. Standing at that place, I felt unusually calm but that shade didnt last very long. Seconds passed and I began thinking about what would happen to me now. Where will I go? I have no other family, no one to fulfil me in. I felt so isolated.Thats how I ended in a foster home. All I can do is to sit and wish that someday, someone will come to get me. Perhaps today will be that day.I awoke tang light in my heart and really hopeful that today would be that day. I heard that the newspaper reporter was going to come and write an article about the foster home where I was living.Suddenly, there was a knock on the door. I opened it and there stood the reporter. She was a young beautiful peeress with shiny, black long hair and a graceful smile. I was very surprised I had never seen such a beautiful lady. She began to interview me because I had been at the foster home for the longest out of all the other children. She was very impressed with my unique poems she even made a promise that she would sire sure they were published very soon. She took my photograph so sh e could attach it to the poem.A grumpy old gentleman was working in the hospital grounds. He reaches down to a scrap of newspaper which has blown across the garden and landed at his feet. He almost throws the article away when he suddenly decides to take a second look. He began to look more closely at the photograph and thats when he has a flicker of an image from his past.Suddenly his memory returns. It is difficult to cope with the emotions he feels after all these months. move his tools, he strides down the road getting further away from the hospital. What has he remembered? Something is driving him he appears to be looking for something.The sky is grey and over-cast. I think about my future. Will I always be alone and abandoned. Whats the point in living all alone with no family to love me? Everyday I wished that I had died with my mum and dad and this is why I made the decision to take an overdose. There was no point in living any more. No-one would even no that I had gone.I felt myself vagabond into unconsciousness when unexpectedly there was a shadow in the doorway. At first I had gravid difficulty focusing my eyeball on the figure in front of me. Slowly as my eyes began to see the details I was able to distinguish a mans frame. Meanwhile, I realised that it was my father. As my descry begins to dim, I see him run across the room towards me. He had tears in his eyes and trickling down his cheeks. He laid his head against mine and told me he loved me so much but as I took my last breath I felt so much regret. I could have had a happy life again with my family to love me and to be loved but now that will never happen.

In the Modern World, Image Is Everything

It only if takes about s blush seconds for a stranger to act upon a initiative legal opinion of you. Especially in our fresh world, the propose we project of ourselves is becoming even more crucial since the increasing openness and inter-connectedness of the world makes it much easier for people to do research on who you are. An two-baser is paramount to all levels of society from the individual, to the corporate, to the guinea pig. Therefore, image does play a pivotal role in our lives in both the public and private domains. Nowadays, it is rare to find someone who does not hold a Facebook profile or a Twitter account.Social networking has become a norm in our world today, with so many people putting up their personal lives on the Internet for anyone to see. What we choose to put on the Internet inevitably forms an image of ourselves that we present to early(a)s. This image pass on be adequate to(p) to make or break you regardless of whether you are in the public spotlig ht. Al near every distinction has publicists that help him or her manage their public persona. It is often with their reputations that celebrities are able to land the most well paid jobs.Such employers absorb the celebritys in force(p) reputation as one that will be able to most effectively sell a product or a movie. Additionally, the way in which a celebrity manages his or her image when hit with a crisis affects his or her future employment prospects. For example, when Kate Moss was hit the scandal of her macrocosm photographed snorting cocaine, she did not do anything that would help fan the flame of the scandal. Alternatively, she continued working hard and producing the bonnie shots that her employers needed. The scandal did not kill her career, as many would have expected.Moss career received a advance instead where she signed lucrative contract with Calvin Klein that effectively doubled her income. Additionally, an increasing number of companies are do use of social networking sites to gather background information on prospective employees. Countless people have lost out on amazing job opportunities because they posted pictures of them drunk on their Facebook profiles. This then proves that the image that portray of ourselves has a great impact on our lives in that it can help determine your achievement or failure in your chosen profession.In the corporate world, many businesses are overly starting to draw the importance of the image of the club. Image consultants are being paid thousands of dollars to spruce up a companys profile, where the company hopes that the better the image it presents the more successful it will become. Marketers and advertisers are also making use of prominent public personalities to help sell their products by making them more attractive to the masses. assumption a small business, without a company website can be destroyed as a head of any acerbic comment on the Internet.Potential clients upon doing their resea rch and discovering a bad review of the companys services will decide to patronize the services of another company instead. The significance of a good public profile is seen clearly in the aforementioned example, whereby a company can falter callable to the lack of an image that the fails to showcase to the public. Thus, a positive image presented to the masses can prove to be the deciding factor of whether a company succeeds or fails in the event of a public dealing problem, proving that image is indeed everything in the corporate world.On a wider scale, image is also critical to the many nations in the world. Small countries very often want to show the world that it is to be underestimated, while developing countries want to show the world that it is growing into its own and is just as capable. The most explicit examples of this are in the countries that vie to host the Olympic Games. Winning the coveted role of hosting the Olympics is often a great root word of national pride for a country whereby it can show the world what it is capable of.The prestige that comes with hosting the Olympics is also immensely substantial thus accounting for the many countries wanting to host the Olympics. Even the starting line youth Olympic Games was not spared from the competition between countries to host it. Singapore ultimately won this honour and it was wide celebrated by the government and its people. Almost all of Singapores youth were involved in the 2010 Youth Olympic Games in one way or another.All were happy to serve their country in any way they could in this grand and prestigious occasion. Another apt example is when China hosted the 2008 capital of Red China Olympics. China poured billions of dollars into the organization of the Games and spared no expense in ensuring that the Beijing was ready to receive athletes from all around the world. The pride that the Chinese had in the fact that China was hosting the 2008 Olympics was evident in the hundreds of ho urs of dedicated service that the Chinese selflessly contributed.Thus, image is of great significance on a national level where countries are able to display what it is made of and can be a source of great national pride. On the other may argue that image is nothing without substance to back it up. Take the example of a client going to a company for a particular service due to an initial good impression of the company. However, if the company fails to measure up to the image it presents of itself, the customer will be hugely disappointed and will not patronize the services of that company again and might even influence others into avoiding that company.Although one should confess that well done is better than well said as spoken by Benjamin Franklin, the first impression is ultimately one that is more powerful where a good impression often results in good outcomes. Particularly in our modern world where people move so fast that they only have time for first impressions and where th e image one presents is one of the most reliable ways to jurist a persons character in such a short time.We have seen in the paragraphs above that image does play a pivotal role in our individual lives, in the corporate world, and on the national level. Despite the fact that actions do speak louder than words and that substance is more important than the image, it cannot be denied that the first impression is often a strong and lasting one. Image is hence essentially everything in our modern world where people are more often than not caught up in flash and superficiality.

Stress-Related Illness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stress-Related Illness - Essay ExampleAs the discussion stresses the prepare owners and directress have entrusted Kelly with the agency of training new teachers with the quality of teaching she is known for. She is likewise head of the lift Involvement Program of the school. Her many duties at work, on top of preparing for her own preschool class and her homemaker role at home has been taking its toll on Kelly. For the past month, she has complained of recurrent migraines, stomach pains and planetary body malaise. Generally, stress is what one feels when the demands on his life exceed his ability to meet those demands. The stressor may be external, such as the death of someone close to the individual or a sudden pitch in activity level. Or, it may be an internal stressor such as an illness.This paper outlines that in Kellys case, her stressors are overload of work duties, work-life imbalance, her own personality traits and the personalities of the people she works with. The inte rplay of stressors and the consistent experience of mellowed amounts in ones life can often lead to burnout. The term burnout is a relatively new term, first coined in 1974 by Herbert Freudenberger, in his book, Burnout The High Cost of High Achievement. He originally defined burnout as, the extinction of motivation or incentive, especially where ones devotion to a cause or relationship fails to produce the desired results. While burnout is not a recognized clinical psychiatric or psychological disorder, there are some similar features between burnout and diagnosable conditions such as depression, dread disorders or mood disorders. Depleted Physical Energy Prolonged stress can be physically draining, causing one to feel tired much of the time, or no longer have the ability she once did. Getting out of bed to face another day of the same gets more difficult.

Open Source Software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

stretch out spring software system - Essay Example( wheel horse) some(prenominal) peer-reviewed literatures suggest that using the OSS programs in many cases offers superior user larboard and approach in furrow to their proprietary competitors. (Wheeler) Even with the above background review, many software users still are unaware of the in truth many user options that this utility presents. It is against this information that this paper examines two open source software (Neo parting 3.0 and Open social occasion) solutions as an substitute(a) to Microsoft office 2010 applications. The paper examines the Open Source Software. The discussion compares the Open Source Software on grounds of the platform on which they are available, their affordability, available technical support, major features to fill the standards of a commercial product and arguments for and against the Open Source Software as a Commercial alternative to Microsoft Office 2010. Wheeler suggests that whatever the program, there are universal procedures for their evaluation. These steps are identification of the candidates, examining lively literature reviews, applicability of the desired program to ones personal needs, and analysis of the top candidates. Wheeler sums up the four sequential steps as IRCA identify, review, compare and analyze. (Wheeler) Review of Microsoft Office 2010 Microsoft Office is a commercial workplace utility quite popular with most workplaces. The Office 2010 has a ribbon interface modification different from the traditional Office 2003 interface, additionally it has a file menu back into the prick bar making it easier to save and open files. Minimal system requirements for the program include 700MHz and a 512MB motor with windows 7, XP or vista to be fully functional. Microsoft Office enjoys unlimited technical support Microsoft Company, people with licenses from Microsoft, nonrecreational call centers and numerous books and websites that offer on time assis tance to users with tips on configuration, modification and using Microsoft Office with free resources especially for non-profit uses. Document sharing is simplified for this program because Microsoft has created standard file formats such as .doc, .docx. (For word) and .xls (for excel files). Microsoft also has enabled easier remote access using Skydive with standard file security if procedures adhered through and through allowing users to install Microsoft updates firewalls, antivirus management and antispyware (Bonfield and Quinn). Equally, through the utilization of Microsoft outlook users are able to receive and send emails from Microsoft office. new(prenominal) in built features includes grammar checking, view document options, and pre-posted document formatting. (Bonfield and Quinn) Review of alternative Open Source Software to Microsoft Office 2010 OpenOffice.org OpenOfice.org 3.1 is the latest version of OpenOfice.org with the former being 3.0. The OpenOfice.org is versati le with Windows, Mac, Linux, and free suite being a preferred alternative to Microsoft Office suite. Additionally it is able to read and write to Microsoft Office supported formats and supports the Open Document Format (ODF) 1.2 standard. The suite is inbuilt with a word processing application, spreadsheet, presentations,